- Cover the pile with (straws, earth, porous materials, perforated plastic ...) to prevent rain penetration (percolation), heat dissipation and moisture loss (desiccation)
- Maintenance
- Humidity
- Aeration: watering, adding straw, turning and measuring
- Temperature
- Frequent negative signs
- Lack of O2
- Bad odour (smell of ammonia - loss of N in gaseous form and methane - loss of C in the form of CH4)
- Appearance of black butter
- Lack of H2O
- White spots (fungal and actinomycete resistance structures)
Source: DRAP Norte, 2020
The use of compost from the biodegradable residues of wineries, improves texture and soil fertility and closes the waste cycle (CCDR Alentejo, 2018).
